Chapter XII
Endnotes
1 JCS Memo for CCS, 11 Jul 44, CCS 4,7/3, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers 4 (TS).
3 CINCSWPA Radio No. C-55028 to WARCOS, 17 Dec 44, C/S GHQ, WD No. 890 (TS).
5 CINCSWPA Radio No. C-55848 to WARCOS, 3 Jan 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 904 (TS).
8 JCS Radio No. WX-62773 to CINCAFPAC, CINCPOA, and CG 20AF, 4 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 956 (TS).
10 JCS Radio No. WX-62774 to CINCAFPAC, CINCPOA, and CG 20AF, 4 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 957 (TS).
11 Ibid. WARCOS Radio N0. WX-63939 to Distribution List, 6 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 959 (S); GHQ, AFPAC General Order No. 1, 6 Apr 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 300-4 (S); COMINCH Radio No. 062116/Z to COM7thFLT, 8 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, Navy 612 (TS).
12 CINCPOA Radio N0. 160250/Z to CINCSWPA, 16 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, Navy No. 613 (TS); CINCAFPAC Radio No. CX-14288 to CINCPOA, 18 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, Navy No. 615 (TS).
13 CG AAF Ltr to CINCSWPA, 4 Oct 44, C/S GHQ, WD No. 853 (TS).
14 CINCAFPAC Radio No. CX-16199 to WARCOS, 14 May 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 1016 (TS).
15 JCS Radio No. WX 104631 to CINCAFPAC and CINCPAC, 2 Jun 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1042 (TS).
16 WARCOS Radio No. WX 30438 to CINCAFPAC, 12 Jul 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1073 (TS).
17 CINCSWPA Radio No. CA-50688 to WARCOS, 26 Feb 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 937 (TS).
19 CINCSWPA Radio No. C-16679 to WARCOS, 27 Aug 44, C/S GHQ, WD No. 813 (TS).
21 C/S GHQ, SWPA Radio No. C-17683 to C/S WD, 13 Sep 44, C/S GHQ, WD No. 836 (TS).
22 CINCSWPA Radio No. C-57530 to WARCOS, 3 Feb 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 381 (TS); WARCOS Radio to CINCSWPA, 7 Feb 45 (TS).
23 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Montclair III, 2nd Amendment, 6 Mar 45 (TS) ; CINCSWPA Radio No. CA-50688 to WARCOS, 26 Feb 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 937 (TS).
24 JCS Radio No. W-66056 to CINCSWPA, 11 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 973 (S); CINCSWPA Radio No. CA-51543 to C/S WD, 12 Apr 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 381 43-P (TS); JCS Radio No. W-70717 to CINCAFPAC, 21 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 984 (TS).
25 Joint Army-Navy Intelligence Study of Borneo (JANIS 150) Chapter 1, Brief, 15 May 45, pp. 1-4, 1-9, 1-29, 1-35.
27 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Enemy Dispositions, 30 Apr 45. As of 31 December 1946 repatriation figures from the Japanese Foreign Office showed that 15,607 army personnel and 5,766 navy personnel had been returned to Japan, in addition to 3,321 civilians, while 865 persons were still awaiting repatriation. The Japanese sustained 5,693 casualties during the fighting on Borneo and lost 536 as prisoners of war captured by the Allies. The total for army and navy personnel coincides closely with the G-2 estimates before the start of the Borneo Campaign.
28 Adv HQ, ALF, SWPA, " Australian Military Forces Report on Operation 'Oboe One,' Tarakan, Borneo," pp. 18-19; COMPHIBGP 6 Report to COMINCH, Serial 0188, (05), 5 May 45, G-3, GHQ, SWPA Journal, 3 May 45 (C); Hugh Buggy, Pacific Victory, A Short History of Australia's Part in the War Against Japan, (Australian Ministry for Information), pp. 284 -285.
29 GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1122, 3 May 45.
30 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, May 45; Buggy, op. Cit., pp. 285-288. Interrogation of Captain Saichiro Matsumoto, former commanding officer of the 455th Independent Infantry Battalion, Thirty-seventh Army, revealed that, until the arrival of the Japanese 455th Battalion in December 1944, military preparations on Tarakan were neglected and totally inadequate to defend the island. After the battalion landed, the construction of fortifications was begun in earnest and, by the time of the Allied invasion, gun emplacements and other beach defenses were almost completed. Most of these fortifications were destroyed, however, by the intense naval and aerial bombardment. Because of the lack of shipping, no supplies or reinforcements were forthcoming and resistance had to be continued with what was on hand. Fighting strength and morale deteriorated with the unfavorable progress of the battle and the non-arrival of reinforcements and supplies. By mid-June, the remaining troops had disbanded into small groups to carry on guerrilla warfare but actually these remnants were primarily concerned with physical survival and escape from the island. About half of the deaths incurred resulted from disease and malnutrition. Interrogation Files, G-2 Historical Section, GHQ, FEC.
31 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, May, Jun, 45; Buggy, op. Cit., pp. 288-289.
32 Buggy, Op. Cit., pp. 289-290; CTG 78.1 (COMPHIBGP 6, R. Adm. Royal) Confidential Action Report 0322 to COMINCH, 19 Jun 45, G-3, GHQ, SWPA Journal, 17 Jun 45.
33 GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1162, 12 Jun 45.
34 Buggy, op. Cit., p. 290. The Commander in Chief of the Southern Army, Field Marshal Terauchi, had estimated that Allied forces would land on the strategic west coast of Borneo sometime after March 1945. He therefore ordered part of the main Japanese dispositions around Tawau on the east coast to shift to the west coast around Brunei. Because Japanese sea communications had by this time been cut off, the move to the Brunei area was made over the difficult mountainous terrain of central Borneo, a distance of more than 300 miles. During this move, many losses were incurred because of the difficult terrain, bad weather, sickness, and lack of provisions. Those troops which succeeded in reaching the vicinity of Brunei had insufficient weapons and supplies and their physical strength was decreased by malaria and fatigue. Their defense preparations, therefore, could not be completed prior to the Allied landing. Japanese First Demobilization Bureau Report, Borneo Operations Record, Vol II, G-2 Historical Section, GHQ, FEC.
35 Buggy, op. Cit., p. 290; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jun 45.
36 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary, No. 1170, 1718 Jun 45; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jun 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1169, 19 Jun 45.
37 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary, No. 1172, 19/20 Jun 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1171, 21 Jun 45.
38 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1173, 20/21 Jun 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1172, 22 Jun 45.
39 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jun 45; G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1175, 22/23 Jun 45 ; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1174, 24 Jun 45 .
40 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations Jun 45; Buggy, op. cit. pp. 291-292.
41 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jun 45; G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1181, 28/29 Jun 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1180, 30 Jun 45; Buggy, Op. Cit., p. 292.
42 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1175, 22/23 Jun 45; Buggy, op. Cit., pp. 292-293.
43 Buggy, op. Cit., p. 293; CTG 78.2 Report to COMINCH, Serial 0235 "Action Report for the Balikpapan Operation, 15 Jun-6 Jul 45," 14 Aug 45, G-3, GHQ, SWPA Journal, 6 Jul 45 (C).
44 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45.
45 GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1182, 2 Jul 45.
46 Buggy, op. Cit. Pp. 293 - 294; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45. Maj. Misuaki Yamada, former Commanding Officer of the 454th Independent Infantry Battalion, Thirty-seventh Army, was highly impressed with Allied naval and air power in the invasion of Balikpapan. He stated that the Japanese were never able effectively to combat this overwhelming superiority. Interrogation Files, G-2 Historical Section, GHQ, FEC.
47 Manila Free Philippines, July 2, 1945, p. 1. In his statement, General MacArthur referred to the 22-24 January 1942 sortie of four U. S. destroyers through the waters of Makassar Strait in a vain attempt to block the approach of a huge Japanese invasion convoy.
48 Buggy, op. cit., pp. 294-295; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45; G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary, No. 1186, 3/4 Jul 45.
49 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1187, 4/5 Jul 45.
50 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1190, 7/8 Jul 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1190, 10 Jul 45.
51 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1192, 9/10 Jul 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1191, 11 Jul 45.
52 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1196, 13/14 Jul 45; Buggy, op. cit. P. 295; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1192, 12 Jul 45; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45. Major Yamada reported that the severe losses of supplies forced the Japanese virtually to live off the land. During the battle there was no hope of reinforcement or resupply, and the result was a serious loss of morale among the Japanese forces. Resistance became ineffective and the Japanese were reduced to fighting merely a delaying type of warfare with no hope of final victory. Interrogation of Maj. Misuaki Yamada previously cited.
53 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1201, 18/19 Jul 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1200, 20 Jul 45; Buggy, op. cit., pp. 295-296; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45.
54 Buggy, op. Cit., pp. 293-296; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45.
55 GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1225, 14 Aug. 45.
56 Japanese First Demobilization Bureau, Special Report No. 39, "Japanese Army Strength in New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, and New Guinea in 1945," 30 Jul 49, G-2 Historical Section, GHQ, FEC. See also G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Enemy Dispositions, Dec 44.
57 CINCAFPAC Ltr to J. B. Chifley, Acting Prime Minister of Australia, 20 May 45, C/S GHQ, Aust 920.
58 GHQ, SWPA, Opn Instr No. 65, 30 Aug 44, and No. 78, 5 Nov 44, G-3 Planning File 370.2 (S).
59 Buggy, op. Cit., pp. 276-278.
60 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1089, 20/21 Mar 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1080, 22 Mar 45, and Communique No. 1083, 25 Mar 45.
61 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1112, 20/2 1 Apr 45.
62 G-2, GHQ, SWPA, Daily Summary No. 1133, 11/12 May 45; G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, May 45; GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1132, 13 May 45, and Communique No. 11 33 14 May 45.
63 Buggy, op. Cit., p. 283; ONI, USN, Office of Naval Intelligence Weekly, Vol. IV, No. 3, 17 Jan 45, p. 205. Hereinafter cited as: O. N. I. Weekly.
64 O.N.I. Weekly, Vol. IV, No. 7, 14 Feb 45, p. 529.
65 Buggy, Op. Cit., p. 283; O.N.I. Weekly, Vol. IV, No. 13, 28 Mar 45, p. 1026 and No. 14,4 Apr 45, p. 1114.
66 O.N.I. Weekly, Vol. IV, No. 18, 2 May 45, pp. 1472- 73, and No. 20, 16 May 45, p. 1605.
67 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jul 45.
68 GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1208, 28 Jul 45.
69 Joint Staff Planners (JSP) Report to JCS, 31 Dec 44, JCS 1215, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers 6 (TS); COMGENCHINA Radio No. CFBX 32476 to CINCSWPA and CINCPOA, 6 Feb 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 381/20-P (TS).
70 JSP Report to JCS, 23 Nov 44, JCS 1176, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers 5 (TS); CCS Report to the President and the Prime Minister, 9 Feb 45, CCS 7763, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers (TS).
71 JSP Report to JCS, 23 Nov 44, JCS 1176, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers 5 (TS).
73 CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-14442 to WARCOS, 20 Apr 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 982 (TS).
74 The events leading up to this directive are discussed in Chapter XIII.
75 CINCAFPAC Radio No. CA-51477 to WARCOS, 10 Apr 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 971 (TS); CINC. AFPAC Radio No. C-16063 to WARCOS, 12 May 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 1014 (TS) ; WARCOS Radio No. W-87663 to CINCAFPAC, 26 May 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 1030 (TS) ; GHQ, AFPAC, General Order No. 13, 20 Jun 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 300-4 (S).
76 JCS Radio No. V-73BG152 to CINCAFPAC and CINCPAC, 19 Jul 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1076 (TS).
77 CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-29008 to WARCOS, 28 Jul 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1091 (TS).
78 CINCSWPA Radio No. CA-50688 to WARCOS, 26 Feb 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 937 (TS).
79 CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-21640 to WARCOS, 27 Jun 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1065 (TS); WARCOS Radio No. V-93BGt65 to CINCAFPAC, 19 Jul 45, C/S GHQ, WD No. 1077 (TS).
81 The actual transfer of command of the areas took place on 2 September 1945, the date on which the surrender was formally signed by the Japanese. At the same time, Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces, and Allied Naval Forces, the three operational commands of the Southwest Pacific Area, were inactivated. WARCOS Radio No. W-89740 to CINCAFPAC, 30 May 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 1031 (TS); CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-17403 to WARCOS, 30 May 45, C/S GHQ S, WD No. 1033 (TS); JCS Radio No. V-169BG248 to CINCAFPAC, 22 Jul 45, G-3, GHQ Ex JCS and CCS Papers (TS).
82 CINCAFPAC Radio No. 210555 to Prime Minister Chifley of Australia, with enclosure, "Personal Message of Farewell to Australian Forces," 21 Aug 45, C/S GHQ S, Aust 952.
83 G-3, GHQ, SWPA, Monthly Summary of Operations, Jun 45.
84 Marshall Radio No. WX-68469 to MacArthur, Eisenhower, etc. 16 Apr 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 370 (S).
85 CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-29256 to WARCOS, 29 Jul 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 370 (TS).
86 Ibid. CINCAFPAC Radio No. C-23346 to WARCOS, 5 Jul 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 370 (TS). WARCOS Radio No. W-42164 to CINCAFPAC, 2 Aug 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 370 (TS).
87 Memo to G-3, GHQ, AFPAC, 5 May 45, summarizing JCS 521/12, 29 Mar 45, JCS 521/15, 11 Apr 45, and JCS 521/16, undated, JCS, GHQ, and CCS No. 3 (TS).
88 WARCOS Radio No. W-18922 to CINCAFPAC, 20 Jun 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 370 (TS); Teleconference TT-3844 (Manila-Washington) 16 Aug 45, G-3, GHQ Admin 384-1/12-2-P (TS).
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Last updated 20 June 2006
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